{"id":374063,"date":"2015-09-02T12:15:54","date_gmt":"2015-09-02T09:15:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=374063"},"modified":"2015-09-02T12:15:54","modified_gmt":"2015-09-02T09:15:54","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%aa-%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%aa-%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%87\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645…<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u063a\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0647<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0648\u0627\u0628\u063a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0627<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639………..<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/u><\/b><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(1) \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a <\/font>Qualitative Analysis<\/font> :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(2) \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a <\/font>Quantitative Analysis <\/font> :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b (\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 , \u063a\u0627\u0632 , \u0635\u0644\u0628) \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(\u200c\u0623) \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a : \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 (\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(\u200c\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u064a : \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646) \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(\u200c\u062c) \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a) :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a <\/u><\/b>Chemical Equilibrium<\/u><\/b><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 (Law of Mass Action):<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 ” \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 ” .<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631).<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
aA + bB D<\/font><\/font> cC + dD<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646) \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
Rf = K1 a b<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644) \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
Rb = K2 c d<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\nK2 , K1 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a , \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
K1 a b = K2 c d<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
K1 = c d<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

K2 a b<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

Kc = c d<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

a b<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a Kc \u0628\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>
\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 (solubility product) :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d \u0634\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 AgCl \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
AgCl (solid) D<\/font><\/font> Ag+ + Cl-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
Ksp = <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a Ks \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648 \u064d \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
Ag2S (solid) D<\/font><\/font> 2Ag+ + S- –<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

Ksp = 2<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
Mx Ay (solid) D<\/font><\/font> x M++ + y A-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

Ksp = xy<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629) :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 S \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(\u200c\u0623) <\/font><\/font><\/font>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 :<\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
AgCl D<\/font><\/font> Ag+ + Cl-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

S S S<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

= S , = S<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

S = S2 \u00d7 Ksp = = S <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

(\u200c\u0628) <\/font><\/font><\/font>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 : <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
BaSO4 D<\/font><\/font> Ba++ + SO4- –<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

S S S<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n


\nS = S2 \u00d7 Ksp = = S <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n(\u200c\u062c) \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
CaF2 D<\/font><\/font> Ca++ + 2F –<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

S S 2S<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n


\n(2S)2 = 4S3<\/font><\/font><\/font>\u00d7 Ksp = 2 = S <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0640\u0629 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>
(1) <\/b>\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 20\u0652 \u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a <\/b>0.000286<\/b> \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a <\/b>100<\/b> \u0633\u06453.(\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 = <\/b>143<\/b>) \u061f<\/b><\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0644:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/u><\/b><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \/ \u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \/ 100\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\/\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\/100\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0644\/\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

0.000286<\/font><\/font><\/font> \u062c\u0645 \/ <\/font><\/font><\/font>100<\/font><\/font><\/font>\u0645\u0644 = 10-4\u00d7 2.86 \u062c\u0645 \/ 100\u0645\u0644<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

10-4<\/font><\/font><\/font>\u00d7 <\/font><\/font><\/font>2.86<\/font><\/font><\/font> \u00d7 <\/font><\/font><\/font>10 <\/font><\/font><\/font>= <\/font><\/font><\/font>10-3<\/font><\/font><\/font>\u00d7 <\/font><\/font><\/font>2.86<\/font><\/font><\/font> \u062c\u0645 \/ \u0644\u062a\u0631<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 (143) \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0644\u062a\u0631<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

143<\/font><\/font><\/font> \/ <\/font><\/font><\/font>10-3<\/font><\/font><\/font>\u00d7<\/font><\/font><\/font>2.86<\/font><\/font><\/font> = <\/font><\/font><\/font>10-5<\/font><\/font><\/font>\u00d7<\/font><\/font><\/font>2<\/font><\/font><\/font> \u0645\u0648\u0644\/ \u0644\u062a\u0631<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 10-5\u00d72 \u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 AgCl \u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font> = <\/font><\/font><\/font>10-5<\/font><\/font><\/font>\u00d7<\/font><\/font><\/font>2<\/font><\/font><\/font> \u0645\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0644\u062a\u0631<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/font><\/font><\/font> = <\/font><\/font><\/font>10-5<\/font><\/font><\/font>\u00d7<\/font><\/font><\/font>2<\/font><\/font><\/font> \u0645\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0644\u062a\u0631<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
AgCl(S)D<\/font><\/font> Ag++Cl-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

Ksp = <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n Mol2L-2 10-4\u00d74 = (10-5\u00d72) \u00d7 (10-5\u00d72) = Ksp<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(2) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>10-12<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>\u00d7<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>1.8<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b> \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u061f<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>
<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0644:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/u><\/b><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 Ag2CrO4 \u0647\u064a S :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
Ag2CrO4 (S) D<\/font><\/font> 2Ag+ + CrO4–<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

S 2S S<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

Ksp = 2 <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n4S3 <\/font><\/font><\/font> = <\/font><\/font><\/font>(S)<\/font><\/font><\/font> \u00d7 <\/font><\/font><\/font>(2S)2<\/font><\/font><\/font> =<\/font><\/font><\/font>
4S3<\/font><\/font><\/font>= 10-12\u00d7 1.8<\/font><\/font><\/font>
10-5 \u00d7 7.7 = 4 \/ 10-12\u00d71.8 3 = S<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0644\u062a\u0631 10-5\u00d77.7 = <\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0645\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0644\u062a\u0631 10-4\u00d72S = 1.54 = <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/b>:<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0643 , H2S , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 NH4OH<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
HAc D<\/font><\/font> H+ + Ac-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\na<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\nKa \u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>
\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0630\u064a\u0628 1 \u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647 V \u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u03b1 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 . \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0647\u0648 C = 1\/V <\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
HAc D<\/font><\/font> H+ + Ac-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

(1-\u03b1)C \u03b1C \u03b1C<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n


\n(1-\u03b1)\/v \u03b1\/v \u03b1\/<\/font><\/font><\/font>v<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n


\na<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\na<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u03b1\/v . \u03b1 \/v<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

(1- \u03b1)\/v <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
\u03b1 2<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

a (1- \u03b1)\/v <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\u03b1 2C<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

a 1- \u03b1 <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 , \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u03b1 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
Ka = \u03b1 2C<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\u03b1 = Ka \/ C<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
NH4OH D<\/font><\/font> NH4+ + OH-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n


\nb<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u062d\u064a\u062b Kb \u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>
\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0643 HAc \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/font><\/font><\/font>
H2S \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/font><\/font><\/font>
H3PO4 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a . \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 H2S \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
H2S D<\/font><\/font> H+ + HS-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

HS- D<\/font><\/font> H+ + S–<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\na1<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n


\na2<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>
\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0643 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
HAc D<\/font><\/font> H+ + Ac-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n


\na<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 Ka \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 , \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 HCl \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

a<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0648\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 (\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 Ka \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a) \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 Ac- \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
HCl \u00e0<\/font><\/font> H+ + Cl-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

HAc D<\/font><\/font> H+ + Ac-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
<\/font>
\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631<\/b> :<\/b><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
NH4Cl \u00e0<\/font><\/font> NH4+ + Cl-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

NH4OH D<\/font><\/font> NH4+ + OH-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a):<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(1) <\/b>\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629:<\/b><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Sb , Cu ,Bi,Cd , Hg++ , Sb , As) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (Zn,Mn,Co,Ni)<\/font><\/font><\/font> \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645).
\n\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632 <\/font><\/font><\/font>H2S \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f KSP .\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\n
HCl \u00e0<\/font><\/font> H+ + Cl-<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

H2S D<\/font><\/font> 2H+ + S–<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 H2S \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a S- – <\/font><\/font><\/font>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.
\n\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 H2S \u0648\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 S–\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(2) <\/b>\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629:<\/b><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 (Fe,Al,Cr) \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (Zn,Mn,Co,Ni) \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631, \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 , \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 NH4OH \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
NH4Cl \u00e0<\/font><\/font> NH4+ + Cl-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

NH4OH D<\/font><\/font> NH4+ + OH-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
<\/font>
\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a ) (<\/b>pH<\/b>) :<\/b><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

pH \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 , \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 pH \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
pH = -log <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631(\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 1 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a ) \u0625\u0644\u0649 14 (\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 1 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a OH- ) \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
pH = -log <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
pOH = -log <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
\u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
Kw = = 10-14<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

pH + pOH = 14 :.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 pH = 7<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a pH > 7<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636\u064a pH < 7<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>
\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 <\/b>pH<\/b> \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 <\/b>KOH ( 0.005 M)<\/b> \u061f<\/b><\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0644:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/u><\/b><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

10-3\u00d75 = = 0.005M <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n(log 5 = 0.7) <\/font><\/font><\/font>10-3<\/font><\/font><\/font>\u00d7<\/font><\/font><\/font>-log 5<\/font><\/font><\/font> = <\/font><\/font><\/font>pOH <\/font><\/font><\/font>
2.3 = pOH <\/font><\/font><\/font>
pH = 14 \u2013 2.3 = 11.7<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d <\/b>(Hydrolysis of Salts)<\/b> :<\/b><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0624 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
(\u200c\u0623) \u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 NH4Cl \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
(\u200c\u0628) \u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 CH3COONa \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
(\u200c\u062c) \u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 CH3COONH4+ \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
(\u200c\u062f) \u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 NaCl<\/font><\/font><\/font> \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0624 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0624:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d CH3COONa (NaAc) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 HAc \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 NaOH<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
NaAc + H2O D<\/font><\/font> NaOH + HAc<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u064a<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
Na+ + Ac- + H2O D<\/font><\/font> Na+ + OH- + HAc<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

Ac- + H2O D<\/font><\/font> OH- + HAc<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a OH- \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a V \u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0624 \u0647\u064a \u03b1 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646:<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
= (1- \u03b1)\/V<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

= \u03b1 \/V<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

= \u03b1 \/V<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629:<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\u03b1 \/v . \u03b1 \/v<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

(1- \u03b1 \/v) <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u0648\u0628\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b :<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
\u03b1 2<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

h (1- \u03b1)\/v<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a Kh \u0628\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0624 :<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a) \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/font><\/font><\/font>
(1) Ac- + H2O D<\/font><\/font> HAc + OH-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 C \u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631<\/font><\/font><\/font>
(2) <\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\nh<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
HAc D<\/font><\/font> H+ + Ac-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n(3) <\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\na<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(4) Kw = <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 (4) \u0639\u0644\u0649 (3) <\/font><\/font><\/font>
Kw = <\/font><\/font><\/font>
Ka <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

= Kh<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

Kw= .: Kh<\/font><\/font><\/font>
Ka<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 (1) = \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d NaAc \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
NaAc \u00e0<\/font><\/font> Na+ + Ac-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

C C C <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

.: = C<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

Kh= <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n= = Kw <\/font><\/font><\/font>
C Ka <\/font><\/font><\/font>
Kw = 2= Kh<\/font><\/font><\/font>
C Ka <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

h<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

Kw = Kw2 <\/font><\/font><\/font>
Ka 2 C <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

KaKw = 2 = Ka Kw2.:.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
C Kw C <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

= Ka Kw.:.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
C<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

= Ka1\/<\/font>2<\/font>.Kw1\/2<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font>
C1\/2<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font>
pH = 1\/2<\/font> pKa + 1\/2<\/font> pKw + 1\/2<\/font> log C<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

pH = 1\/<\/font>2<\/font> (pKa + pKw + log C) <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 C \u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631:<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
NH4Cl + H2O D<\/font><\/font> NH4OH + HCl<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

NH4+ + Cl- + H2O D<\/font><\/font> NH4OH + Cl- + H+<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n(1) NH4+ + H2O D<\/font><\/font> NH4OH + H+<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a H+ \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(2) <\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\nh<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
NH4OH D<\/font><\/font> NH4+ + OH-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n(3) <\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

\nb<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/font>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(4) Kw = <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 (4) \u0639\u0644\u0649 (3) <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(5)<\/font><\/font><\/font>
Kw = = Kh<\/font><\/font><\/font>
Kb <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

Kw = Kh .:.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
Kb<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 (1) = \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 C \u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
NH4Cl \u00e0<\/font><\/font> NH4+ + Cl-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n C C C<\/font><\/font><\/font>
= C .:. <\/font><\/font><\/font>
Kh = Kw = = 2 .:.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
Kb C<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

2 = Kw C<\/font><\/font><\/font>
Kb<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

= Kw1\/2<\/font>C 1\/2<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font>
Kb1\/<\/font>2<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

-log = –1\/2<\/font> log Kw \u2013 1\/2 <\/font>log C + 1\/2<\/font> log Kb<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

.:. pH = 1\/2<\/font> pKw \u2013 1\/2<\/font> pKb – 1\/2<\/font> log C<\/font><\/font><\/font>
1<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b>
2<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n


<\/font>
pH = (pKw \u2013 pKb – log C)<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 <\/b>(Buffer Solution)<\/b> :<\/b><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a 7 , \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 1 \u0633\u06453 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 (0.1) \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 4 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 7 \u0625\u0644\u0649 4 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645.<\/font><\/font><\/font>
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<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n
CH3COOH D<\/font><\/font> CH3COO- + H+<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/p>\n

CH3COONa \u00e0<\/font><\/font> CH3COO- + Na+<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
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<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
H+ + CH3COO- D<\/font><\/font> CH3COOH<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
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<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
CH3COOH D<\/font><\/font> CH3COO- + H+<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
(1)<\/font><\/font><\/font>
Ka = = <\/font><\/font><\/font>
Ca <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

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<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
CH3COONa \u00e0<\/font><\/font> CH3COO- + Na+<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n Cs Cs<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

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Ka = Cs <\/font><\/font><\/font>
Ca<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

= Ka Ca<\/font><\/font><\/font>
Cs<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

log = log Ka + log Ca<\/font><\/font><\/font>
Cs<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

pH = pKa + log <\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

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<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n
NH4OH D<\/font><\/font> NH4+ + OH-<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/b><\/div>\n


\n (1) Kb = = <\/font><\/font><\/font>
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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