{"id":216185,"date":"2015-07-06T18:08:01","date_gmt":"2015-07-06T15:08:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=216185"},"modified":"2015-07-06T18:08:01","modified_gmt":"2015-07-06T15:08:01","slug":"%d8%b1%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/%d8%b1%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u0641\u0631\u0631\u0631\u0631\u0631\u0631\u0631\u0631\u0631\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 )"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n


\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0627<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 80 \u066a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0633. <\/font><\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

In the Alps near the Italian and Swiss borders is western Europe’s highest point\u2014Mont Blanc (15,781 ft; 4,810 m).<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643 (15781 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u061b 4810 \u0645). <\/b><\/p>\n

The forest-covered Vosges Mountains are in the northeast, and the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es are along the Spanish border.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a Vosges \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Except for extreme northern France, the country may be described as four river basins and a plateau.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0628\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Three of the streams flow west\u2014the Seine into the English Channel, the Loire into the Atlantic, and the Garonne into the Bay of Biscay.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0643\u0627\u064a. <\/b><\/p>\n

The Rh\u00f4ne flows south into the Mediterranean.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637. <\/b><\/p>\n

For about 100 mi (161 km), the Rhine is France’s eastern border.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 100 \u0645\u064a\u0644 (161 \u0643\u0645) \u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

In the Mediterranean, about 115 mi (185 km) east-southeast of Nice, is the island of Corsica (3,367 sq mi; 8,721 sq km).<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 115 \u0645\u064a\u0644 (185 \u0643\u0645) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0633 \u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0627 (3367 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u061b 8721 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639). <\/p>\n

Government
\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 <\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n
Fifth republic.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629.
<\/b><\/p>\n

History<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/b><\/div>\n


\n
<\/font><\/font><\/b>
\n<\/b><\/div>\n


\n
\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e <\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n


\n<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n
Archeological excavations indicate that France has been continuously settled since Paleolithic times.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. <\/b><\/p>\n

The Celts, who were later called Gauls<\/i> by the Romans, migrated from the Rhine valley into what is now France.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f Celts \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u062f\u0639\u0627 Gauls<\/i> \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

In about 600 BC Greeks and Phoenicians established settlements along the Mediterranean, most notably at Marseille.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 600 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

Julius Caesar conquered part of Gaul in 57\u201352 BC , and it remained Roman until Franks invaded in the 5th century AD<\/b><\/div>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a 57-52 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633 \u063a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a 5th <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

The Treaty of Verdun (843) divided the territories corresponding roughly to France, Germany, and Italy among the three grandsons of Charlemagne.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 (843) \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u060c \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. <\/b><\/p>\n

Charles the Bald inherited Francia Occidentalis,<\/i> which became an increasingly feudalized kingdom.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a Occidentalis \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c<\/i> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f feudalized \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

By 987, the crown passed to Hugh Capet, a princeling who controlled only the Ile-de-France, the region surrounding Paris.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 987 \u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062a \u0644Capet \u0647\u064a\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 princeling \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

For 350 years, an unbroken Capetian line added to its domain and consolidated royal authority until the accession in 1328 of Philip VI, first of the Valois line.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0630 350 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u0637 Capetian \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1328 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

France was then the most powerful nation in Europe, with a population of 15 million.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062b\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 15 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

The missing pieces in Philip Valois’s domain were the French provinces still held by the Plantagenet kings of England, who also claimed the French crown.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 Plantagenet \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Beginning in 1338, the Hundred Years’ War eventually settled the contest.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 1338 \u060c \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 ‘\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

After France’s victory in the final battle, Castillon (1453), the Valois were the ruling family, and the English had no French possessions left except Calais.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c Castillon (1453) \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647. <\/b><\/p>\n

Once Burgundy and Brittany were added, the Valois dynasty’s holdings resembled modern France.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Protestantism spread throughout France in the 16th century and led to civil wars.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 16th \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Henry IV, of the Bourbon dynasty, issued the Edict of Nantes (1598), granting religious tolerance to the Huguenots (French Protestants).<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062a (1598) \u060c \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 Huguenots (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a). <\/b><\/p>\n

Absolute monarchy reached its apogee in the reign of Louis XIV (1643\u20131715), the Sun King, whose brilliant court was the center of the Western world.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 (1643-1715) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

After a series of costly foreign wars that weakened the government, the French Revolution plunged France into a bloodbath beginning in 1789 with the establishment of the First Republic and ending with a new authoritarianism under Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte, who had successfully defended the infant republic from foreign attack and then made himself first consul in 1799 and emperor in 1804.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 1789 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 1799 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1804. <\/b><\/p>\n

The Congress of Vienna (1815) sought to restore the pre-Napol\u00e9onic order in the person of Louis XVIII, but industrialization and the middle class, both fostered under Napol\u00e9on, built pressure for change, and a revolution in 1848 drove Louis Philippe, last of the Bourbons, into exile. Prince Louis Napol\u00e9on, a nephew of Napol\u00e9on I, declared the Second Empire in 1852 and took the throne as Napol\u00e9on III.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 (1815) \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1848 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1852 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b. <\/b><\/p>\n

His opposition to the rising power of Prussia ignited the Franco-Prussian War (1870\u20131871), which ended in his defeat, his abdication, and the creation of the Third Republic.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (1870-1871) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

A new France emerged from World War I as the continent’s dominant power.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

But four years of hostile occupation had reduced northeast France to ruins.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636. <\/b><\/p>\n

Beginning in 1919, French foreign policy aimed at keeping Germany weak through a system of alliances, but it failed to halt the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi war machine.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1919 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. <\/b><\/p>\n

On May 10, 1940, Nazi troops attacked, and, as they approached Paris, Italy joined with Germany.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0645 10 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u060c 1940 \u060c \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

The Germans marched into an undefended Paris and Marshal Henri Philippe P\u00e9tain signed an armistice on June 22. France was split into an occupied north and an unoccupied south, Vichy France, which became a totalitarian German puppet state with P\u00e9tain as its chief.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a 22 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \/ \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648. \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0647. <\/b><\/p>\n

Allied armies liberated France in Aug. 1944, and a provisional government in Paris headed by Gen. Charles de Gaulle was established.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1944 \u060c \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a. <\/b><\/p>\n

The Fourth Republic was born on Dec. 24, 1946.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645 24 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u060c 1946. <\/b><\/p>\n

The empire became the French Union; the national assembly was strengthened and the presidency weakened; and France joined NATO.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u061b \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648. <\/b><\/p>\n

A war against Communist insurgents in French Indochina, now Vietnam, was abandoned after the defeat of French forces at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646 Bien \u0641\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954. <\/b><\/p>\n

A new rebellion in Algeria threatened a military coup, and on June 1, 1958, the assembly invited de Gaulle to return as premier with extraordinary powers.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \/ \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1 \u060c 1958 \u060c \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

He drafted a new constitution for a Fifth Republic, adopted on September 28, which strengthened the presidency and reduced legislative power.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a 28 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

He was elected president on Dec. 21, 1958.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645 21 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u060c 1958. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

France next turned its attention to decolonialization in Africa; the French protectorates of Morocco and Tunisia had received independence in 1956.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1956. <\/b><\/p>\n

French West Africa was partitioned and the new nations were granted independence in 1960. Algeria, after a long civil war, finally became independent in 1962. Relations with most of the former colonies remained amicable.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

De Gaulle took France out of the NATO military command in 1967 and expelled all foreign-controlled troops from the country.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1967 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. <\/b><\/p>\n

De Gaulle’s government was weakened by massive protests in May 1968 when student rallies became violent and millions of factory workers engaged in wildcat strikes across France.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1968 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

After normalcy was reestablished in 1969, de Gaulle’s successor, Georges Pompidou, modified Gaullist policies to include a classical laissez-faire attitude toward domestic economic affairs.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1969 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

The conservative, pro-business climate contributed to the election of Val\u00e9ry Giscard d’Estaing as president in 1974.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Socialist Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand attained a stunning victory in the May 10, 1981, presidential election.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a 10 \u0627\u064a\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

The victors immediately moved to carry out campaign pledges to nationalize major industries, halt nuclear testing, suspend nuclear power-plant construction, and impose new taxes on the rich.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0621. <\/b><\/p>\n

The Socialists’ policies during Mitterrand’s first two years created a 12% inflation rate, a huge trade deficit, and devaluations of the franc.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 12 \u066a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0643. <\/b><\/p>\n

In March 1986, a center-right coalition led by Jacques Chirac won a slim majority in legislative elections.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1986 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Chirac became prime minister, initiating a period of \u201ccohabitation\u201d between him and the Socialist president, Mitterrand.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634” \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646. <\/b><\/p>\n

Mitterrand’s decisive reelection in 1988 led to Chirac being replaced as prime minister by Michel Rocard, a Socialist.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Relations, however, cooled with Rocard, and in May 1991 Edith Cresson\u2014also a Socialist\u2014became France’s first female prime minister.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1991 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u064a\u062b Cresson \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621. <\/b><\/p>\n

But Cresson’s unpopularity forced Mitterrand to replace Cresson with a more well-liked Socialist, Pierre B\u00e9r\u00e9govoy, who eventually was embroiled in a scandal and committed suicide.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 Cresson \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 Cresson \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 B\u00e9r\u00e9govoy \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0631. <\/b><\/p>\n

Mitterrand did succeed in helping to draft the Maastricht Treaty and, after winning a slim victory in a referendum, confirming close economic and security ties between France and the European Union (EU).<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062e\u062a \u0648\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a). <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

On his third try Chirac won the presidency in May 1995, campaigning vigorously on a platform to reduce unemployment. Elections for the national assembly in 1997 gave the Socialist coalition a majority.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1995 \u060c \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1997 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Shortly after becoming president, Chirac resumed France’s nuclear testing in the South Pacific, despite widespread international protests as well as rioting in the countries affected by it.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u060c \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

Socialist leader Lionel Jospin became prime minister in 1997.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1997. <\/b><\/p>\n

In the spring of 1999, the country took part in the NATO air strikes in Kosovo, despite some internal opposition.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1999 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0648 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader of the right-wing anti-immigrant National Front Party, shocked France in April 2002 with his second-place finish in the first round of France’s presidential election. He took 17% of the vote, eliminating Lionel Jospin, the Socialist prime minister, who tallied 16%.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0635\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2002 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 17 \u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 16 \u066a. <\/b><\/p>\n

Jospin, stunned by the result, announced that he was retiring from politics and threw his support behind incumbent president Jacques Chirac, who won with an overwhelming 82.2% of the vote in the runoff election.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062c\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 82.2 \u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Chirac’s center-right coalition won an absolute majority in parliament.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. <\/b><\/p>\n

In July 2002, Chirac survived an assassination attempt by a right-wing extremist.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 \/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 2002 \u060c \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

During the fall 2002 and winter 2003 diplomatic wrangling at the United Nations over Iraq, France repeatedly defied the US and Britain by calling for more weapons inspections and diplomacy before resorting to war.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 2002 \u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 2003 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. <\/b><\/p>\n

Relations between the US and France have remained severely strained over Iraq.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

France sent peacekeeping forces to assist two African countries in 2002 and 2003, C\u00f4te d’Ivoire and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2002 \u0648 2003 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0648\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Prime Minister Raffarin’s plan to overhaul the national pension system sparked numerous strikes across France in May and June 2003, involving tens of thousands of sanitation workers, teachers, transportation workers, and air traffic controllers.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \/ \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0647 2003 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646. <\/b><\/p>\n

In August, a deadly heat wave killed an estimated 10,000 people, mostly elderly.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0622\u0628 \/ \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 10000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u060c \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646. <\/b><\/p>\n

The catastrophe occurred during two weeks of 104\u00b0F (40\u00b0C) temperatures.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 104 \u00b0 \u0625\u0641 (40 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

In 2004, the French government passed a law banning the wearing of Muslim headscarves and other religious symbols in schools.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004 \u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633. <\/b><\/p>\n

The government maintained that the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols threatened the country’s secular identity; others contended that the law curtailed religious freedom.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

In March 2004 regional elections, the Socialist Party made enormous gains over Chirac’s Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) Party.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2004 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628. <\/b><\/p>\n

Unpopular economic reforms are credited for the UMP’s defeat.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

On May 29, 2005, French voters rejected the European Union constitution by a 55%\u201345% margin.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a 29 \u0627\u064a\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2005 \u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 55 \u066a -45 \u066a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634. <\/b><\/p>\n

Reasons given for rejecting the constitution included concerns about forfeiting too much French sovereignty to a centralized European government and alarm at the EU’s rapid addition of 10 new members in 2004, most from Eastern Europe. In response, President Chirac, who strongly supported the constitution, replaced Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin with Dominique de Villepin, a former foreign minister.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 10 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004 \u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Rioting erupted on Oct. 27, 2005, in the impoverished outskirts of Paris and continued for two weeks, spreading to 300 towns and cities throughout France.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0645 27 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u060c 2005 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 300 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

It was the worst violence the country has faced in four decades.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. <\/b><\/p>\n

The rioting was sparked by the accidental deaths of two teenagers, one of French-Arab and the other of French-African descent, and grew into a violent protest against the bleak lives of poor French-Arabs and French-Africans, many of whom live in depressed, crime-ridden areas with high unemployment and who feel alienated from the rest of French society.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

In March and April 2006, a series of huge and ongoing protests took place over a proposed labor law that would allow employers to fire workers under age 26 within two years without giving a reason.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2006 \u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 26 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628. <\/b><\/p>\n

The law was intended to control high unemployment among France’s young workers.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

The protests continued after President Chirac signed a somewhat amended bill into law.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

But on April 10, Chirac relented and rescinded the law, an embarrassing about-face for the government.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 10 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0631\u0636\u062e\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Presidential elections held in April 2007 pitted Socialist S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal against conservative Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy, the nominee for the Union for a Popular Movement.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2007 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Late in the race, centrist candidate Francois Bayrou emerged as a contender.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633. <\/b><\/p>\n

Sarkozy, with 30.7%, and Royal, taking 25.2%, prevailed in the first round of voting.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0639 30.7 \u066a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a 25.2 \u066a \u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a. <\/b><\/p>\n

Sarkozy went on to win the runoff election, taking 53.1% of the vote to Royal’s 46.9%.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a 53.1 \u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0644 46.9 \u066a. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Sarkozy immediately extended an olive branch to the United States, saying “I want to tell them that France will always be by their side when they need her, but that friendship is also accepting the fact that friends can think differently.”<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u0635\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627 “\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641”. <\/b><\/p>\n

The dialogue signalled a marked shift from the tense French-American relationship under Chirac.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

On his first day in office, Sarkozy named former social affairs minister Fran\u00e7ois Fillon as prime minister, succeeding Dominique de Villepin.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646. <\/b><\/p>\n

He also appointed Socialist Bernard Kouchner, a co-founder of the Nobel-prize-winning M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, as foreign minister.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0634\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Workers in the public sector staged 24-hour strike in October to protest Sarkozy’s plan to change their generous retirement packages that allow workers to retire at age 50 with a full pension.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 50 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. <\/b><\/p>\n

On the same day of the strike, Sarkozy confirmed that he and his wife, C\u00e9cilia, had separated and planned to divorce.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. <\/b><\/p>\n

Rail workers staged a strike in November to protest Sarkozy’s plan to end generous benefits that allow workers to retire in their 50s with full pension benefits.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/ \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a 50s \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

Strikers relented after nine days and agreed to negotiate.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0631\u0636\u062e\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

In Feb. 2008, Sarkozy married Italian-born Carla Bruni, a former model turned pop star.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2008 \u060c \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0628. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

In July, Sarkozy launched the Union for the Mediterraneanan\u2014an international body of 43 member nations.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \/ \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0644Mediterraneanan \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 43 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. <\/b><\/p>\n

The union seeks to end conflict in the Middle East by addressing regional unrest and immigration<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

On July 21, 2008, Sarkozy won a narrow victory (539 to 357 votes\u2014one vote more than the required three-fifths majority) for constitutional changes that strengthen parliamentary power, limit the presidency to two five-year terms, and end the president’s right of collective pardon.<\/b><\/div>\n

21 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 \/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 (539 \u0627\u0644\u0649 357 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633) \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. <\/b><\/p>\n

The changes, approved in July, also allow the president to address Parliament for the first time since 1875.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 \/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1875. <\/b><\/p>\n

The Socialist opposition asserts that the changes actually boost the power of the presidency, making France a “monocracy.”<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f”. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

The French Parliament approved a bill in July 2008 that ends the 35-hour work week and tightens criteria for strikes and unemployment payments.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 \/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 2008 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 35 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0634\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. <\/b><\/p>\n

The new bill is intended to decrease unemployment and allow businesses and employees to negotiate directly about working hours.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

In November 2008, the Socialist party voted for a new party leader, revealing a deeply divided member body.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/ \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2008 \u060c \u0635\u0648\u062a\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627. <\/b><\/p>\n

Martine Aubry, the mayor of Lille, defeated former party leader Segolene Royal by only 42 votes.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 42 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637. <\/b><\/p>\n

Over 40 percent of Socialist party members declined to vote and internal disputes ensued.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643. <\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Five sticks of dynamite were planted in a Parisian Printemps on December 15, 2008, by a previously unknown group called the Afghan Revolutionary Front, who demanded the withdrawal of French troops from Afghanistan and warned of another strike if Sarkozy did not remove troops by the end of February.<\/b><\/div>\n

\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a Printemps 15 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 \/ \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 \/ \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631.
<\/b><\/div>\n


\n<\/b>
\n<\/b>\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 80 \u066a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0633. In the Alps near the Italian and Swiss borders is western Europe’s highest point\u2014Mont Blanc (15,781 ft; 4,810 m). \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":909,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-216185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-49"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216185","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/909"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=216185"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216185\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=216185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=216185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.satfrequencies.com\/girls\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=216185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}